Two of the most important quality characteristics are density and sulfur content. Usually, differences in the prices of these various. Crude oil is a liquid found within the earth compromised of hydrocarbons, organic compounds and small amounts of sediments and metal. Crude oil also contains varying amounts of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and helium. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.
A large number of distillation results hempel, engler, itk, and other methods are available. Most sour crudes have sulfur levels in the range of 1. Pdf on sep 1, 2019, wedad h aldahhan and others published classification of crude oils and. Types of crude oils heavy oil science center home page. This process separates the different components of crude oil so that they can be further refined. Jet fuel, gasoline, kerosene, petroleum ether, petroleum spirit, and petroleum naphtha. Liquid petroleum pumped from oil wells is called crude or crude oil. There are almost 200 different varieties of oil available for sale today, but the three most common and most talked about are west texas intermediate wti, brent blend and opec. Chemicals used in crude oil production and impact for.
In conclusion on the types of crude oil in nigeria and its benefits, nigeria is indeed blessed with various types of crude oil. Density ranges from light to heavy, while sulfur content is characterized as sweet or sour. A detailed guide on the many different types of crude oil. Petroleum engineering downstream analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and petroleum products james g. But did you know that some crude oil is thin and almost colourless. Psulphur, oxygen, carbondioxide, nitrogen and trace metals. Many types of crude oil are produced around the world.
Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. The market value of an individual crude stream reflects its quality characteristics. Nov 15, 2017 crude oil is a liquid found within the earth compromised of hydrocarbons, organic compounds and small amounts of sediments and metal. Oxygen occurs in different forms in oxygenbearing resinous substances. For most, only trace amounts may remain in the crude. Two crude oils which are either traded themselves or whose prices are reflected in other types of crude oil include west texas intermediate wti and brent. Smith,17 and lane and garton,20 there are several methods which make use of the fact that properties are a function of the character of crude oils for the purpose of evaluating the base of stocks. Nelson 23 gives a list of methods for judging the base of an oil. The contents of a barrel of crude oil may seem straightforward a dark, thick substance used for heat and fuel. The petroleum industry often names crude based on the oils geographical source, for example, west texas intermediate. Opec oil serves as a combination of seven different types of crude oil coming from saudi arabia, nigeria, algeria, dubai, venezuela, indonesia and mexican isthmus. Refiners were and continue to be concerned about blending of incompatible crudes into the domestic sweet stream and the detrimental effect this has on refinery economics and operations.
A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such. Apr 23, 2020 the petroleum industry often names crude based on the oils geographical source, for example, west texas intermediate. An introduction to the different types of crude oil petro online. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by liquid. Crude oil is a liquid fuel source located underground. In the refining industry, crude oil is called sweet low sulfur if its sulfur level is less than a threshold value e. Out of everything, the bonny light which happens to be what many wants, is one of the major the country can boast of, and it keeps generating huge revenue yearly. Petroleum forms by the breaking down of large molecules of fats, oils and waxes that. Analytical methods and techniques applied to crude oil and.
Smith,17 and lane and garton,20 there are several methods which. Heavy crude oil pipelines are special types of production pipelines transporting crude oils either with very high pour points at pour point liquid looses its flow characteristics or with high wax contents. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. This type of oil has been the standard for russian crude oil. May 03, 2020 crude oil is a liquid fuel source located underground. As the name puts it, the dubai crude oil comes from dubai a massive oil producing country in the world. Nov 26, 2019 the quality of crude oil varies, especially in different geographical regions. Types of crude oil the contents of a barrel of crude oil may seem straightforward a dark, thick substance used for heat and fuel. Less than 1% is metals such as copper, nickel, vanadium, and iron.
Wt i is one of the highest quality and, as a result, most expensive types of crude oil available. The type of information on crude oil compositions varies a great deal. This will decrease the amount of kerosene which must be added to produce specification product during the wintertime, and permit the kerosene to be added to the. Light oils these include grade 1 and grade 2 fuel oils, diesel fuel oils as well as most domestic. Petroleum systems of the uinta and piceance basins. Some are predominantly naphthenes so yield a lubricating oil that is more sensitive to temperature changes. A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable. The quality of crude oil varies, especially in different geographical regions. It is a smelly, yellowtoblack liquid and is usually found in underground areas called reservoirs. The chemical profiles, or crude oil assays, specify important properties such as the oils api gravity. The delivery locations are usually sea ports close to the oil fields from which the crude was obtained and. One of the largest and major classifications of crude oil is brent blend, which is found in the.
Beginning in about 2005, the coqa began in earnest. Several oil types are recognized within the uintapiceance province, and in many cases they can be linked to previously proposed oil types or source rocks. Crude oils have different quality characteristics today in. Refiners were and continue to be concerned about blending of incompatible crudes into the domestic sweet. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products vii during any oil spill incident, the properties of the spilled oil must be known immediately.
The four main types of crude oil plainsman manufacturing. Oct 14, 2019 in conclusion on the types of crude oil in nigeria and its benefits, nigeria is indeed blessed with various types of crude oil. Each crude oil reservoir and stream has unique properties and characteristics. Types of saudi crude oils the saudi arabian oil is distinct of the diversity. Crude oil testing and assay services provided by intertek support customers from the wellhead to the refinery across the world. Read on to find out what the four primary crude oils are. Some are predominantly naphthenes so yield a lubricating oil that is more sensitive to temperature changes than the paraffinbase crudes. In the international petroleum industry, crude oil products are traded on various oil bourses. One of the largest and major classifications of crude oil is brent blend, which is found in the north sea. Crude oils are customarily characterized by the type of hydrocarbon. There are almost 200 different varieties of oil available for sale today, but the three most common and most talked about are west texas intermediate wti, brent blend and opec basket.
The 3 main crude oil benchmarks explained oil classifications. Crude oil is also classified based on physical characteristics and. Petroleum, or crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid that originates from the carboniferous period about 200 to 400 million years ago. Crude oil is also classified based on physical characteristics and chemical composition, and these qualities are described with terms such as sweet, sour, light, and heavy. Crude oils also contain a great variety of heteroatomic chemical constituents, comprising of crude oil. A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals.
The delivery locations are usually sea ports close to the oil fields from which the crude was obtained and new fields are constantly being explored, and the pricing is usually quoted based on fob free on board, without consideration of. For most, only trace amounts may remain in the crude as impurities once it reaches the refinery. Founded in 1960, opec, or the organisation of petroleumexporting countries, is one of the major players in the oil industry, managing oil production and sale within its jurisdiction. This type is produced from the offshore fields such as alsafaniah. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is. The combustion of oil with high sulfur contents results in higher levels of pollution, so sulfur is usually removed in the refining process. Refining adds value by converting crude oil which in itself has little enduse value into a range of refined products, including transportation fuels. Plants, ferns, trees, and algae formed peat which over millions of years turned into petroleum crude oil, natural gas, and coal. Between 6% and 10% of it is nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
Oil petroleumor crude oilis a fossil fuel that is found in large quantities beneath the earths surface and is often used as a fuel or raw material in the chemical industry. Crude oil with low content of sulfur means sweet and the presence of high content sulfur is known as sour. Composed predominantly of carbon, crude oil contains approximately 84 to 87 percent carbon and 11 to percent hydrogen. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss saudi.
There are five types of crude oil are produced from saudi oil fields as follows. Out of everything, the bonny light which happens to be what many. Crude oil, liquid petroleum that is found accumulated in various porous rock formations in. The chemicals used fall into several types as outlined below. A detailed guide on the many different types of crude oil oilprice. While there are many types of crude oil, the oil and gas sector uses these important characteristics to classify them density heavy crude versus light crude, viscosity the degree to which the crude oil resists flow and sulphur content sweet crude is low in sulphur and sour crude is high in sulphur.
The rockefellers, the rothschilds, the gettys, the. Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. There are over one hundred different crude oils traded on the market today. Contain large proportions of asphaltic matter, and little or no paraffin. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex, naturally occurring liquid mixture.
Viscosity based on regression calculations of enbridge 2014 crude oil characteristics 2 vcpr 4. Pdf distillation process of crude oil researchgate. Crude oil is often talked about as if it is one standard oil, but that is far from the truth. There are in fact 4 main types, from light oils such as gasoline and jet fuel to heavy fuel oils. Fractional distillation begins when the crude oil, which is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, is put into a highpressure steam boiler. With that said, the four main types of crude oil are. Crude oil found underground is usually mixed with water, sand, salt and natural gas. In fact, there are many different grades and varieties of crude oil with vast differences in colour, weight and volatility. Usually, differences in the prices of these various crude oils are related to quality differences, but some other factors can also influence the price relationships. Characteristics of crude oil the hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories.
Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. Plants, ferns, trees, and algae formed peat which over millions of years turned into petroleum crude. The dubai crude has a light density, having 31 degrees gravity and a sulfur content of only 2%. Crude oil production to 2025 updated projection of crude types 1. Crude oil blending is often undertaken to increase the sale price or processability of a lower grade crude oil by blending it with a higher grade, higher price crude. Crude oils have various attributes that make them more or less attractive to refiners. Wti and brent crude oil live prices types, specifications. The chemical profiles, or crude oil assays, specify important properties such as the oil s api gravity. What are the different types of crude oil transported by. Oil petroleumor crude oil is a fossil fuel that is found in large quantities beneath the earths surface and is often used as a fuel or raw material in the chemical industry. List of crude oils c rude name alphabets order crude name state country page abouzar ardeshir iran 1. Crude oil extracted from the ground in its natural unrefined state varies. The amount of sulfur in the oil, determined by weight, classifies it as sweet or sour.
A partial listing of the worlds crude oils is listed. The dubai crude has a light density, having 31 degrees gravity and a. Rather, there are several variations with small differences among them. Oil petroleumor crude oilis a fossil fuel that is found in large quantities beneath the earths surface and is often used as a fuel or raw material in the chemical. Once it enters the modern refinery, crude oil goes through a process called fractional distillation.
It was formed from the remains of sea animals and plants that lived millions of years. Apart from considering the properties indicated in the reports by n. These oils are typically labeled by the region they come from, and they. Oil is used for transportation, petroleum products, and plastics. The different types of crude oil and how they are classified. Within the industry, people talk about crude oil as if it is just one standard liquid form. Crude quality inc canadian crude quick reference guide.
They normally transport crude oil for a short distance, mostly from offshore production platforms to oil processing onshore facilities. Pdf classification of crude oils and its fractions on the basis of. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their. The quality of wti domestic sweet crude oil has been vitally important to refiners for decades.
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